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Từ điển LongMan Dictionary
probability
prob‧a‧bil‧i‧ty/ˌprɒbəˈbɪləti, ˌprɒbəˈbɪlɪti $ ˌprɑː-/ noun [Word Family: noun: probability, probable; adverb: probably ≠ improbably; adjective: probable ≠ improbable] 1. [UNCOUNTABLE AND COUNTABLE] how likely something is, sometimes calculated in a mathematical way SYN likelihood, chance the probability of (doing) something ▪ The probability of winning the lottery is really very low. probability that ▪ There is a 95% probability that she will not have the disease. high/strong probability ▪ There’s a high probability that the children will follow a different career. ▪ You must decide whether, on the balance of probabilities, he committed the crime.
2. [SINGULAR] what is likely or something that is likely: ▪ The probability is that smaller businesses will not have to pay the tax. ▪ A peace agreement now seems a probability rather than a possibility.
3. in all probability very probably: ▪ Mistakes could and, in all probability, would occur. • • • COLLOCATIONS adjectives ▪high ▪ This method of treatment has a high probability of success. ▪low ▪ The probability of being struck by lightning is pretty low. ▪a strong probability (=a high probability) ▪ There is a strong probability that the letter has been destroyed. ▪an equal probability ▪ Each new baby has an approximately equal probability of inheriting maleness or femaleness. ▪the statistical probability ▪ The statistical probability of a plane crash is increasing. phrases ▪on the balance of probabilities (=considering the probability of two or more events) ▪ A decision about removing a child from its parents is made on the balance of probabilities.
noun COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS ADJECTIVE conditional ▪ Those studies specified and estimated the conditional probability of leaving unemployment. ▪ The conditional probability of leaving the spell is also very small for men aged 55 and over compared to teenage men. great ▪ The less compatible a pair the greater the probability that their relationship will regress in the presence of another animal. ▪ The closer one is to a second language group, either socially or psychologically, the greater the probability of adequate learning. ▪ But we have a greater probability that we shall self-destruct. ▪ Intuitively, any wage increase reduced employment and all workers therefore face a greater probability of being unemployed. high ▪ Even when the correct word was given a high probability, there were many other words with an equally high probability. ▪ Does he need a home run so bad that he should risk the high probability of a strikeout? ▪ Even when the correct word was given a high probability, there were many other words with an equally high probability. ▪ They have shown that certain approaches have a high probability of success, while others, a high probability of failure. ▪ Wycliffe thought they would be pretty high, so probability favoured a link. ▪ They have shown that certain approaches have a high probability of success, while others, a high probability of failure. ▪ Also there is a high probability that your holiday meals were lower in roughage than your own regime at home. ▪ The more evidence, the more acceptable it is and the higher the probability of truth. low ▪ Speed up in the parsing process can then be achieved by eliminating low probability parses. 5.8. ▪ These are then sub-divided into high, reasonable and low probability. ▪ Transitions or changes which have a notably high or low probability can be identified, as reasons for their prominence sought. statistical ▪ The equivalent statistical probabilities for the proven component of proven and probable reserves are 90 percent and 10 percent respectively. ▪ Does it depend on the statistical probability of a crash? ▪ That is, the position of a particle could not be defined with absolute certainty, but only by statistical probability. ▪ The extremes of a statistical distribution represent unpredictably rare individual events, which have very low values of statistical probability. strong ▪ There is a strong probability, had such evidence been given, that the government would have been gravely embarrassed. ▪ One can speak here only of strong probability, not of absolute certainty. transitional ▪ However, a knowledge of pair-wise transitional probability is often insufficient to select the target word string. ▪ All permutations of transitional probabilities arising out of the character recognition are calculated to give an associated probability for a given string. NOUN distribution ▪ The concept of correlations, like that of probability distributions, can be extended to higher orders, by defining quantities such as. ▪ This is extended so that for any given phrase there is a probability distribution over the objects that can be the immediate constituents. ▪ This allows the map data to be replaced by probability distributions of known form and parameters. ▪ Similarly there is also a probability distribution over the ordering of items in a phrase. ▪ It is often easier to assess a continuous probability distribution than a set of specific values. ▪ Instead, both position and velocity would have to be smeared out with some probability distribution around the nucleus. score ▪ Each combination was given a probability score based on its occurrence in a large corpus. ▪ The probability score can also improve the efficiency of the parsing algorithm by pruning out low-probability alternatives. ▪ Input to the process is a graph of inactive edges marked with phoneme labels and possibly other information such as acoustic probability score. theory ▪ It is at least arguable, moreover, that no probability theory allows for the explanation of single events. ▪ These employ probability theory, hence the term probabilistic sampling. ▪ Statistical analysis of data requires an understanding of basic four-figure maths, algebra, probability theory, and calculus. ▪ Experimental backing is an aspect of probability theory and statistics. transition ▪ Matrix R is the transition probability matrix raised to the power two. ▪ The table of transition probabilities for the travel example would be laid out as shown in Table 6.2. ▪ It is usual to find a progression indicating significant transition probabilities to many vibrational levels of the modes concerned. ▪ Both systems use transition probabilities between syntactically tagged form class pairs to prune the search. ▪ Reducing the length One version of the Edinburgh syntactic component used pair-wise transition probabilities between words. ▪ Many different patterns of foggy and clear days could produce the same numerical values for the transition probabilities in the example. ▪ This is what the transition probability matrix tells us. ▪ When the actual counts were converted to transition probabilities the results shown in Table 6.4 were obtained. VERB assign ▪ Each rule in the grammar was assigned a probability. based ▪ The words are then assigned a rating based on the probability of the grammatical transitions that their tags participate in. ▪ Children with formal operations typically respond to this kind of problem with responses based on probability. ▪ What about measures based on odds rather than probabilities? ▪ Most text retrieval systems have been based on statistics and probabilities. ▪ Any clusterer should be founded on some kind of theory based on probabilities. calculate ▪ Ninety five percent confidence intervals for the relative risk was calculated using exact probabilities. ▪ A young Salomon Brothers trader named Howie Rubin began to calculate the probability of homeowners' prepaying their mortgages. ▪ To calculate the joint probability of the coincidence occurring in any one minute we multiply the two separate probabilities. give ▪ Even when the correct word was given a high probability, there were many other words with an equally high probability. ▪ Each combination was given a probability score based on its occurrence in a large corpus. ▪ The probabilities of each route have to be calculated and summed to give the total probability. ▪ All one can give are probabilities that particles will be emitted in certain modes. ▪ All permutations of transitional probabilities arising out of the character recognition are calculated to give an associated probability for a given string. increase ▪ However, by making further efforts to improve certain facets of the project, the manager could increase this probability to 0.7. ▪ These latter two actions increase the probability that a client will carry through with the contract. ▪ The indications are that the existence of one difficulty increases the probability that other stresses will also occur. ▪ The child is given drinks throughout the night to increase the probability of urinating and providing a lot of opportunities to practise. ▪ The application of these tests may increase the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact true. occur ▪ These are in relation to the degree of probability of damage occurring, negligent omissions and multiple causes of harm. ▪ But the probability for this to occur decreases very rapidly with decreasing temperature. ▪ This is the estimated pay-off in money terms of a given event multiplied by the probability of that event occurring. ▪ To calculate the joint probability of the coincidence occurring in any one minute we multiply the two separate probabilities. ▪ In practice the probability of such words occurring in adjacent positions is so low that the problem is negligible. 4.10. reduce ▪ But we can and must work towards reducing probabilities. ▪ Nothing could reduce its probability, and hence there could be no reasons for supposing it false. represent ▪ Where the applicant has no representation and the respondent is legally represented the applicant's probability of success is reduced to 10%. use ▪ To overcome this problem, Sayre did not use probability information. ▪ Both systems use transition probabilities between syntactically tagged form class pairs to prune the search. ▪ It tends to be used for problems where probability is a key factor. ▪ Ninety five percent confidence intervals for the relative risk was calculated using exact probabilities. ▪ Phases of multiply measured reflections were combined using the phase probability coefficients. PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES the balance of evidence/probability etc ▪ A decision is made only on the balance of probabilities. ▪ After looking at the credentials for miraculous claims, Hume came to the conclusion that the balance of probabilities counted against them. ▪ All those defences are for the defendant to establish on the balance of probabilities. ▪ The burden of proof in establishing the defence is upon the defendant on the balance of probabilities. EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES ▪ Genetic tests show a 99.4 percent probability that Hill is the child's father. ▪ The probability of catching the disease from your partner is extremely low. ▪ There is a 90% probability that the hurricane will hit the coast of Florida later today. ▪ There is a strong probability that the problem will recur if we do not deal with it now. ▪ War is a real probability. ▪ We must increase our efforts to reduce the probability of such an accident happening again. EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS ▪ Children with formal operations typically respond to this kind of problem with responses based on probability. ▪ Citing mathematical probabilities clearly does not establish the nonexistence of extraterrestrial being. ▪ Most students need probability and statistics more than they need calculus. ▪ They have rewritten the record books, stormed the male bastion of Grandmaster chess, and defied the laws of probability. ▪ They have shown that certain approaches have a high probability of success, while others, a high probability of failure. ▪ We talk, therefore, of probabilities or outcomes provided circumstances do not change. ▪ What about measures based on odds rather than probabilities?
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